Jakarta TimeMengenai asal-usul nama "Bandung", dikemukakan berbagai pendapat. Sebagian mengatakan bahwa, kata "Bandung" dalam bahasa Sunda, identik dengan kata "banding" dalam Bahasa Indonesia, berarti berdampingan. Ngabanding (Sunda) berarti berdampingan atau berdekatan. Hal ini antara lain dinyatakan dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia terbitan Balai Pustaka (1994) dan Kamus Sunda-Indonesia terbitan Pustaka Setia (1996), bahwa kata bandung berarti berpasangan dan berarti pula berdampingan.
Pendapat lain mengatakan, bahwa kata "bandung" mengandung arti besar atau luas. Kata itu berasal dari kata bandeng. Dalam bahasa Sunda, ngabandeng berarti genangan air yang luas dan tampak tenang, namun terkesan menyeramkan. Diduga kata bandeng itu kemudian berubah bunyi menjadi Bandung. Ada pendapat lain yang menyatakan bahwa kata Bandung berasal dari kata bendung.
Pendapat-pendapat tentang asal dan arti kata Bandung, rupanya berkaitan dengan peristiwa terbendungnya aliran Sungai Citarum purba di daerah Padalarang oleh lahar Gunung Tangkuban Parahu yang meletus pada masa holosen (± 6000 tahun yang lalu). Akibatnya, daerah antara Padalarang sampai Cicalengka (± 30 kilometer) dan daerah antara Gunung Tangkuban Parahu sampai Soreang (± 50 kilometer) terendam menjadi sebuah danau besar yang kemudian dikenal dengan sebutan Danau Bandung atau Danau Bandung Purba. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian geologi, air Danau Bandung diperkirakan mulai surut pada masa neolitikum (± 8000 - 7000 sebelum Masehi). Proses surutnya air danau itu berlangsung secara bertahap dalam waktu berabad-abad.
Secara historis, kata atau nama Bandung mulai dikenal sejak di daerah bekas danau tersebut berdiri pemerintah Kabupaten bandung (sekitar decade ketiga abad ke-17). Dengan demikian, sebutan Danau Bandung terhadap danau besar itu pun terjadi setelah berdirinya Kabupaten Bandung.
Berdirinya Kabupaten Bandung
Sebelum Kabupaten Bandung berdiri, daerah Bandung dikenal dengan sebutan "Tatar Ukur". Menurut naskah Sadjarah Bandung, sebelum Kabupaten Bandung berdiri, Tatar Ukur adalah termasuk daerah Kerajaan Timbanganten dengan ibukota Tegalluar. Kerajaan itu berada dibawah dominasi Kerajaan Sunda-Pajajaran. Sejak pertengahan abad ke-15, Kerajaan Timbanganten diperintah secara turun temurun oleh Prabu Pandaan Ukur, Dipati Agung, dan Dipati Ukur. Pada masa pemerintahan Dipati Ukur, Tatar Ukur merupakan suatu wilayah yang cukup luas, mencakup sebagian besar wilayah Jawa Barat, terdiri atas sembilan daerah yang disebut "Ukur Sasanga".
Setelah Kerajaan Sunda-Pajajaran runtuh (1579/1580) akibat gerakan Pasukan banten dalam usaha menyebarkan agama Islam di daerah Jawa Barat, Tatar Ukur menjadi wilayah kekuasaan Kerajaan Sumedanglarang, penerus Kerajaan Pajajaran. Kerajaan Sumedanglarang didirikan dan diperintah pertama kali oleh Prabu Geusan Ulun pada (1580-1608), dengan ibukota di Kutamaya, suatu tempat yang terletak sebelah Barat kota Sumedang sekarang. Wilayah kekuasaan kerajaan itu meliputi daerah yang kemudian disebut Priangan, kecuali daerah Galuh (sekarang bernama Ciamis).
Ketika Kerajaan Sumedang Larang diperintah oleh Raden Suriadiwangsa, anak tiri Geusan Ulun dari rtu Harisbaya, Sumedanglarang menjadi daerah kekuasaan Mataram sejak tahun 1620. Sejak itu status Sumedanglarang pun berubah dari kerajaan menjadi kabupaten dengan nama Kabupaten Sumedang. Mataram menjadikan Priangan sebagai daerah pertahanannya di bagian Barat terhadap kemungkinan serangan Pasukan Banten dan atau Kompeni yang berkedudukan di Batavia, karena Mataram di bawah pemerintahan Sultan Agung (1613-1645) bermusuhan dengan Kompeni dan konflik dengan Kesultanan Banten. Untuk mengawasi wilayah Priangan, Sultan Agung mengangkat Raden Aria Suradiwangsa menjadi Bupati Wedana (Bupati Kepala) di Priangan (1620-1624), dengan gelar Pangeran Rangga Gempol Kusumadinata, terkenal dengan sebutan Rangga Gempol I.
Tahun 1624 Sultan agung memerintahkan Rangga Gempol I untuk menaklukkan daerah Sampang (Madura). Karenanya, jabatan Bupati Wedana Priangan diwakilkan kepada adik Rangga Gempol I pangeran Dipati Rangga Gede. Tidak lama setelah Pangeran Dipati Rangga Gede menjabat sebagai Bupati Wedana, Sumedang diserang oleh Pasukan Banten. Karena sebagian Pasukan Sumedang berangkat ke Sampang, Pangeran Dipati Rangga Gede tidak dapat mengatasi serangan tersebut. Akibatnya, ia menerima sanksi politis dari Sultan Agung. Pangeran Dipati Rangga Gede ditahan di Mataram. Jabatan Bupati Wedana Priangan diserahkan kepada Dipati Ukur, dengan syarat ia harus dapat merebut Batavia dari kekuasaan Kompeni.
Tahun 1628 Sultan Agung memerintahkan Dipati Ukur untuk membantu pasukan Mataram menyerang Kompeni di Batavia. Akan tetapi serangan itu mengalami kegagalan. Dipati Ukur menyadari bahwa sebagai konsekwensi dari kegagalan itu ia akan mendapat hukuman seperti yang diterima oleh Pangeran Dipati Rangga gede, atau hukuman yang lebih berat lagi. Oleh karena itu Dipati Ukur beserta para pengikutnya membangkang terhadap Mataram. Setelah penyerangan terhadap Kompeni gagal, mereka tidak datang ke Mataram melaporkan kegagalan tugasnya. Tindakan Dipati Ukur itu dianggap oleh pihak Mataram sebagai pemberontakan terhadap penguasa Kerajaan Mataram.
Terjadinya pembangkangan Dipati Ukur beserta para pengikutnya dimungkinkan, antara lain karena pihak Mataram sulit untuk mengawasi daerah Priangan secara langsung, akibat jauhnya jarak antara Pusat Kerajaan Mataram dengan daerah Priangan. Secara teoritis, bila daerah tersebut sangat jauh dari pusat kekuasaan, maka kekuasaan pusat di daerah itu sangat lemah. Walaupun demikian, berkat bantuan beberapa Kepala daerah di Priangan, pihak Mataram akhirnya dapat memadamkan pemberontakan Dipati Ukur. Menurut Sejarah Sumedang (babad), Dipati Ukur tertangkap di Gunung Lumbung (daerah Bandung) pada tahun 1632.
Setelah "pemberontakan" Dipati Ukur dianggap berakhir, Sultan Agung menyerahkan kembali jabatan Bupati Wedana Priangan kepada Pangeran Dipati Rangga Gede yang telah bebas dari hukumannya. Selain itu juga dilakukan reorganisasi pemerintahan di Priangan untuk menstabilkan situasi dan kondisi daerah tersebut. Daerah Priangan di luar Sumedang dan Galuh dibagi menjadi tiga kabupaten, yaitu Kabupaten Bandung, Kabupaten Parakanmuncang dan Kabupaten Sukapura dengan cara mengangkat tiga kepala daerah dari Priangan yang dianggap telah berjasa menumpas pemberontakan Dipati Ukur.
Ketiga orang kepala daerah dimaksud adalah Ki Astamanggala, umbul Cihaurbeuti diangkat menjadi mantri agung (bupati) Bandung dengan gelar Tumenggung Wiraangunangun, Tanubaya sebagai bupati Parakanmuncang dan Ngabehi Wirawangsa menjadi bupati Sukapura dengan gelar Tumenggung Wiradadaha. Ketiga orang itu dilantik secara bersamaan berdasarkan "Piagem Sultan Agung", yang dikeluarkan pada hari Sabtu tanggal 9 Muharam Tahun Alip (penanggalan Jawa). Dengan demikian, tanggal 9 Muharam Taun Alip bukan hanya merupakan hari jadi Kabupagten Bandung tetapi sekaligus sebagai hari jadi Kabupaten Sukapura dan Kabupaten Parakanmuncang.
Berdirinya Kabupaten Bandung, berarti di daerah Bandung terjadi perubahan terutama dalam bidang pemerintahan. Daerah yang semula merupakan bagian (bawahan) dari pemerintah kerajaan (Kerajaan Sunda-Pajararan kemudian Sumedanglarang) dengan status yang tidak jelas, berubah menjadi daerah dengan sttus administrative yang jelas, yaitu kabupaten.
Setelah ketiga bupati tersebut dilantik di pusat pemerintahan Mataram, mereka kembali ke daerah masing-masing. Sadjarah Bandung (naskah) menyebutkan bahwa Bupati Bandung Tumeggung Wiraangunangun beserta pengikutnya dari Mataram kembali ke Tatar Ukur. Pertama kali mereka dating ke Timbanganten. Di sana bupati Bandung mendapatkan 200 cacah. Selanjutnya Tumenanggung Wiraangunangun bersama rakyatnya membangun Krapyak, sebuah tempat yang terletak di tepi Sungat Citarum dekat muara Sungai Cikapundung, (daerah pinggiran Kabupaten Bandung bagian Selatan) sebagai ibukota kabupaten. Sebagai daerah pusat kabupaten Bandung, Krapyak dan daerah sekitarnya disebut Bumi kur Gede.
Wilayah administrative Kabupaten Bandung di bawah pengaruh Mataram (hingga akhir abad ke-17), belum diketahui secara pasti, karena sumber akurat yang memuat data tentang hal itu tidak/belum ditemukan. Menurut sumber pribumi, data tahap awal Kabupaten Bandung meliputi beberapa daerah antara lain Tatar Ukur, termasuk daerah Timbanganten, Kuripan, Sagaraherang, dan sebagian Tanahmedang.
Boleh jadi, daerah Priangan di luar Wilayah Kabupaten Sumedang, Parakanmuncang, Sukapura dan Galuh, yang semula merupakan wilayah Tatar Ukur (Ukur Sasanga) pada masa pemerintahan Dipati Ukur, merupakan wilayah administrative Kabupaten Bandung waktu itu. Bila dugaan ini benar, maka Kabupaten Bandung dengan ibukota Krapyak, wilayahnya mencakup daerah Timbanganten, Gandasoli, Adiarsa, Cabangbungin, Banjaran, Cipeujeuh, Majalaya, Cisondari, Rongga, Kopo, Ujungberung dan lain-lain, termasuk daerah Kuripan, Sagaraherang dan Tanahmedang.
Kabupaten Bandung sebagai salah satu Kabupaten yang dibentuk Pemerintah Kerajaan Mataram, dan berada di bawah pengaruh penguasa kerajaan tersebut, maka sistem pemerintahan Kabupaten Bandung memiliki sistem pemerintahan Mataram. Bupati memiliki berbagai jenis symbol kebesaran, pengawal khusus dan prajurit bersenjata. Simbol dan atribut itu menambah besar dan kuatnya kekuasaan serta pengaruh Bupti atas rakyatnya. Besarnya kekuasaan dan pengaruh bupati, antara lain ditunjukkan oleh pemilikan hak-hak istimewa yang biasa dmiliki oleh raja. Hak-hak dimaksud adalah hak mewariskan jabatan, ha memungut pajak dalam bentuk uang dan barang, ha memperoleh tenaga kerja (ngawula), hak berburu dan menangkap ikan dan hak mengadili. Dengan sangat terbatasnya pengawasan langsung dari penguasa Mataram, maka tidaklah heran apabila waktu itu Bupati Bandung khususnya dan Bupati Priangan umumnya berkuasa seperti raja. Ia berkuasa penuh atas rakyat dan daerahnya. Sistem pemerinatahn dan gaya hidup bupati merupakan miniatur dari kehidupan keraton. Dalam menjalankan tugasnya, bupati dibantu oleh pejabat-pejabat bawahannya, seperti patih, jaksa, penghulu, demang atau kepala cutak (kepala distrik), camat (pembantu kepala distrik), patinggi (lurah atau kepala desa) dan lain-lain.
Kabupaten Bandung berada dibawah pengaruh Mataram sampai akhir tahun 1677. Kemudian Kabupaten Bandung jatuh ketangan Kompeni. Hal itu terjadi akibat perjanjian Mataram-Kompeni (perjanjian pertama) tanggal 19-20 Oktober 1677. Di bawah kekuasaan Kompeni (1677-1799), Bupati Bandung dan Bupati lainnya di Priangan tetap berkedudukan sebagai penguasa tertinggi di kabupaten, tanpa ikatan birokrasi dengan Kompeni.
Sistem pemerintahan kabupaten pada dasarnya tidak mengalami perubahan, karena Kompeni hanya menuntut agar bupati mengakui kekuasaan Kompeni, dengan jaminan menjual hasil-hasil bumi tertentu kepada VOC. Dalam hal ini bupati tidak boleh mengadakan hubungan politik dan dagang dengan pihak lain. Satu hal yang berubah adalah jabatan bupati wedana dihilangkan. Sebagai gantinya, Kompeni mengangkat Pangeran Aria Cirebon sebagai pengawas (opzigter) daerah Cirebon-Priangan (Cheribonsche Preangerlandan).
Salah satu kewajiban utama bupati terhadap kompeni adalah melaksanakan penanaman wajib tanaman tertentu, terutama kopi, dan menyerahkan hasilnya. Sistem penanaman wajib itu disebut Preangerstelsel. Sementara itu bupati wajib memelihara keamanan dan ketertiban daerah kekuasaannya. Bupati juga tidak boleh mengangkat atau memecat pegawai bawahan bupati tanpa pertimbangan Bupati Kompeni atau penguasa Kompeni di Cirebon. Agar bupati dapat melaksanakan kewajiban yang disebut terakhir dengan baik, pengaruh bupati dalam bidang keagamaan, termasuk penghasilan dari bidang itu, seperti bagian zakar fitrah, tidak diganggu baik bupati maupun rakyat (petani) mendapat bayaran atas penyerahan kopi yang besarnya ditentukan oleh Kompeni.
Hingga berakhirnya kekuasaan Kompeni-VOC akhir tahun 1779, Kabupaten Bandung beribukota di Krapyak. Selama itu Kabupaten Bandung diperintah secara turun temurun oleh enam orang bupati. Tumenggung Wiraangunangun (merupakan bupati pertama) ankatan Mataram yang memerintah sampai tahun 1681. Lima bupati lainnya adalah bupati angkatan Kompeni yakni Tumenggung Ardikusumah yang memerintah tahun 1681-1704, Tumenggung Anggadireja I (1704-1747), Tumenggung Anggadireja II (1747-1763), R. Anggadireja III dengan gelar R.A. Wiranatakusumah I (1763-1794) dan R.A. Wiranatakusumah II yang memerintah dari tahun 1794 hingga tahun 1829. Pada masa pemerintahan bupati R.A. Wiranatakusumah II, ibukota Kabupaten Bandung dipindahkan dari Karapyak ke Kota Bandung.
Berdirinya Kota Bandung
Ketika Kabupaten Bandung dipimpin oleh Bupati RA Wiranatakusumah II, kekuasaan Kompeni di Nusantara berakhir akibat VOC bangkrut (Desember 1799). Kekuasaan di Nusantara selanjutnya diambil alih oleh Pemerintah Hindia Belanda dengan Gubernur Jenderal pertama Herman Willem Daendels (1808-1811). Sejalan dengan perubahan kekuasaan di Hindia Belanda, situasi dan kondisi Kabupaten Bandung mengalami perubahan. Perubahan yang pertama kali terjadi adalah pemindahan ibukota kabupaten dari Krapyak di bagian Selatan daerah Bandung ke Kota Bandung yang ter;etak di bagian tengah wilayah kabupaten tersebut.
Antara Januari 1800 sampai akhir Desember 1807 di Nusantara umumnya dan di Pulau Jawa khususnya, terjadi vakum kekuasaan asing (penjajah), karena walaupun Gubernur Jenderal Kompeni masih ada, tetapi ia sudah tidak memiliki kekuasaan. Bagi para bupati, selama vakum kekuasaan itu berarti hilangnya beban berupa kewajiban-kewajiban yang harus dipenuhi bagi kepentingan penguasa asing (penjajah). Dengan demikian, mereka dapat mencurahkan perhatian bagi kepentingan pemerintahan daerah masing-masing. Hal ini kiranya terjadi pula di Kabupaten Bandung.
Menurut naskah Sadjarah Bandung, pada tahun 1809 Bupati Bandung Wiranatakusumah II beserta sejumlah rakyatnya pindah dari Karapyak ke daerah sebelah Utara dari lahan bakal ibukota. Pada waktu itu lahan bakal Kota Bandung masih berupa hutan, tetapi di sebelah utaranya sudah ada pemukiman, yaitu Kampung Cikapundung Kolot, Kampung Cikalintu, dan Kampung Bogor. Menurut naskah tersebut, Bupati R.A. Wiranatakusumah II pindah ke Kota Bandung setelah ia menetap di tempat tinggal sementara selama dua setengah tahun.
Semula bupati tinggal di Cikalintu (daerah Cipaganti) kemudian ia pindah Balubur Hilir. Ketika Deandels meresmikan pembangunan jembatan Cikapundung (jembatan di Jl. Asia Afrika dekat Gedung PLN sekarang), Bupati Bandung berada disana. Deandels bersama Bupati melewati jembatan itu kemudian mereka berjalan ke arah timur sampai disuatu tempat (depan Kantor Dinas PU Jl. Asia Afrika sekarang). Di tempat itu deandels menancapkan tongkat seraya berkata: "Zorg, dat als ik terug kom hier een stad is gebouwd!" (Usahakan, bila aku datang kembali ke sini, sebuah kota telah dibangun!". Rupanya Deandels menghendaki pusat kota Bandung dibangun di tempat itu. Sebagai tindak lanjut dari ucapannya itu, Deandels meminta Bupati Bandung dan Parakanmuncang untuk memindahkan ibukota kabupaten masing-masing ke dekat Jalan Raya Pos. Permintaan Deandels itu disampaikan melalui surat tertanggal 25 Mei 1810.
Pindahnya Kabupaten Bandung ke Kota Bandung bersamaan dengan pengangkatan Raden Suria menjadi Patih Parakanmuncang. Kedua momentum tersebut dikukuhkan dengan besluit (surat keputusan) tanggal 25 September 1810. Tanggal ini juga merupakan tanggal Surat Keputusan (besluit), maka secara yuridis formal (dejure) ditetapkan sebagai Hari Jadi Kota Bandung.
Boleh jadi bupati mulai berkedudukan di Kota Bandung setelah di sana terlebih dahulu berdiri bangunan pendopo kabupaten. Dapat dipastikan pendopo kabupaten merupakan bangunan pertama yang dibangun untuk pusat kegiatan pemerintahan Kabupaten Bandung. Berdasarkan data dari berbagai sumber, pembangunan Kota Bandung sepenuhnya dilakukan oleh sejumlah rakyat Bandung dibawah pimpinan Bupati R.A. Wiranatakusumah II. Oleh karena itu, dapatlah dikatakan bahwa bupati R.A. Wiranatakusumah II adalah pendiri (the founding father) kota Bandung.
Berkembangnya Kota Bandung dan letaknya yang strategis yang berada di bagian tengah Priangan, telah mendorong timbulnya gagasan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda pada tahun 1856 untuk memindahkan Ibukota Keresiden priangan dari Cianjur ke Bandung. Gagasan tersebut karena berbagai hal baru direalisasikan pada tahun 1864. Berdasarkan Besluit Gubernur Jenderal tanggal 7 Agustus 1864 No.18, Kota Bandung ditetapkan sebagai pusat pemerintahan Keresidenan Priangan. Dengan demikian, sejak saat itu Kota Bandung memiliki fungsi ganda, yaitu sebagai Ibukota Kabupaten Bandung sekaligus sebagai ibukota Keresidenan Priangan. Pada waktu itu yang menjadi Bupati Bandung adalah R.A. Wiranatakusumah IV (1846-1874).
Sejalan dengan perkembangan fungsinya, di Kota Bandung dibangun gedung keresidenan di daerah Cicendo (sekarang menjadi Rumah Dinas Gubernur Jawa Barat) dan sebuah hotel pemerintah. Gedung keresidenan selesai dibangun tahun 1867.
Perkembangan Kota Bandung terjadi setelah beroperasi transportasi kereta api dari dan ke kota Bandung sejak tahun 1884. Karena Kota Bandung berfungsi sebagai pusat kegiatan transportasi kereta api "Lin Barat", maka telah mendorong berkembangnya kehidupan di Kota Bandung dengan meningkatnya penduduk dari tahun ke tahun.
Di penghujung abad ke-19, penduduk golongan Eropa jumlahnya sudah mencapai ribuan orang dan menuntut adanya lembaga otonom yang dapat mengurus kepentingan mereka. Sementara itu pemerintah pusat menyadari kegagalan pelaksanaan sistem pemerintahan sentralistis berikut dampaknya. Karenanya, pemerintah sampai pada kebijakan untuk mengganti sistem pemerintahan dengan sistem desentralisasi, bukan hanya desentralisasi dalam bidang keuangan, tetapi juga desentralisasi dalam pemberian hak otonomi bidang pemerintahan (zelfbestuur)
Dalam hal ini, pemerintah Kabupaten Bandung di bawah pimpinan Bupati RAA Martanagara (1893-1918) menyambut baik gagasan pemerintah kolonial tersebut. Berlangsungnya pemerintahan otonomi di Kota Bandung, berarti pemerintah kabupaten mendapat dana budget khusus dari pemerintah kolonial yang sebelumnya tidak pernah ada.
Berdasarkan Undang-undang Desentralisasi (Decentralisatiewet) yang dikeluarkan tahun 1903 dan Surat Keputusan tentang desentralisasi (Decentralisasi Besluit) serta Ordonansi Dewan Lokal (Locale Raden Ordonantie) sejak tanggal 1 April 1906 ditetapkan sebagai gemeente (kotapraja) yang berpemerintahan otonomom. Ketetapan itu semakin memperkuat fungsi Kota Bandung sebagai pusat pemerintahan, terutama pemerintahan Kolonial Belanda di Kota Bandung. Semula Gemeente Bandung
Dipimpin oleh Asisten Residen priangan selaku Ketua Dewan Kota (Gemeenteraad), tetapi sejak tahun 1913 gemeente dipimpin oleh burgemeester (walikota).
Kota Bandung tidak berdiri bersamaan dengan pembentukan Kabupaten Bandung. Kota itu dibangun dengan tenggang waktu sangat jauh setelah Kabupaten Bandung berdiri. Kabupaten Bandung dibentuk pada sekitar pertengahan abad ke-17 Masehi, dengan Bupati pertama tumenggung Wiraangunangun. Beliau memerintah Kabupaten Bandung hingga tahun 1681. Semula Ibukota Kabupaten Bandung terletak di Krapyak (sekarang Dayeuhkolot) kira-kira 11 kilometer ke arah Selatan dari pusat kota Bandung sekarang. Ketika kabupaten Bandung dipimpin oleh bupati ke-6, yakni R.A Wiranatakusumah II (1794-1829) yang dijuluki "Dalem Kaum I", kekuasaan di Nusantara beralih dari Kompeni ke Pemerintahan Hindia Belanda, dengan gubernur jenderal pertama Herman Willem Daendels (1808-1811). Untuk kelancaran menjalankan tugasnya di Pulau Jawa, Daendels membangun Jalan Raya Pos (Groote Postweg) dari Anyer di ujung barat Jawa Barat ke Panarukan di ujung timur Jawa timur (kira-kira 1000 km). Pembangunan jalan raya itu dilakukan oleh rakyat pribumi di bawah pimpinan bupati daerah masing-masing. groote postwegDi daerah Bandung khususnya dan daerah Priangan umumnya, Jalan Raya pos mulai dibangun pertengahan tahun 1808, dengan memperbaiki dan memperlebar jalan yang telah ada.
Di daerah Bandung sekarang, jalan raya itu adalah Jalan Jenderal Sudirman - Jalan Asia Afrika - Jalan A. Yani, berlanjut ke Sumedang dan seterusnya. Untuk kelancaran pembangunan jalan raya, dan agar pejabat pemerintah kolonial mudah mendatangi kantor bupati, Daendels melalui surat tanggal 25 Mei 1810 meminta Bupati Bandung dan Bupati Parakanmuncang untuk memindahkan ibukota kabupaten, masing-masing ke daerah Cikapundung dan Andawadak (Tanjungsari), mendekati Jalan Raya Pos. Rupanya Daendels tidak mengetahui, bahwa jauh sebelum surat itu keluar, bupati Bandung sudahdaendles merencanakan untuk memindahkan ibukota Kabupaten Bandung, bahkan telah menemukan tempat yang cukup baik dan strategis bagi pusat pemerintahan. Tempat yang dipilih adalah lahan kosong berupa hutan, terletak di tepi barat Sungai Cikapundung, tepi selatan Jalan Raya Pos yang sedang dibangun (pusat kota Bandung sekarang). Alasan pemindahan ibukota itu antara lain, Krapyak tidak strategis sebagai ibukota pemerintahan, karena terletak di sisi selatan daerah Bandung dan sering dilanda banjir bila musim hujan. Sekitar akhir tahun 1808 awal tahun 1809, bupati beserta sejumlah rakyatnya pindah dari Krapyak mendekati lahan bakal ibukota baru. Mula-mula bupati tinggal di Cikalintu (daerah Cipaganti), kemudian pindah ke Balubur Hilir, selanjutnya pindah lagi ke Kampung Bogor (Kebon Kawung, pada lahan Gedung Pakuan sekarang). Tidak diketahui secara pasti, berapa lama Kota Bandung dibangun. Wiratakusumah-IIAkan tetapi, kota itu dibangun bukan atas prakarsa Daendels, melainkan atas prakarsa Bupati Bandung, bahkan pembangunan kota itu langsung dipimpin oleh bupati. Dengan kata lain, Bupati R. A. Wiranatakusumah II adalah pendiri (the founding father) kota Bandung. Kota Bandung diresmikan sebagai ibukota baru Kabupaten Bandung dengan surat keputusan tanggal 25 September 1810.
2.25.2009
deddynoer: Sejarah Bandung
2.04.2009
deddynoer: Pencak Silat
Pencak Silat (pronounced: pen-chuck see-lut) is the official name used to indicate more than 800 martial arts schools and styles spread across more than 13,000 islands in Indonesia. The art has also reached Europe, and is especially popular in the Netherlands, Spain and France, though it is gaining popularity all over the world thanks to PERSILAT, the world-governing body for the martial art.
In Indonesia, the official name used to indicate more than 800 martial arts schools and styles spread across more than 13,000 islands is "pencak silat". However, this is actually a compound name consisting of two terms used in different regions. The word "pencak" and its dialectic derivatives such as "penca" West Java and "mancak" (Madura and Bali) is commonly used in Java, Madura and Bali, whereas the term "silat" or "silek" is used in Sumatra. The ambition to unify all these different cultural expressions in a common terminology as part of declaring Indonesia's unity and independence from colonial power, was first expressed in 1948 with the establishment of the Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia (Indonesian Pencak Silat Association, IPSI). However, it could only be realized in 1973 when representatives from different schools and styles finally formally agreed to the use of "pencak silat" in official discourse, albeit original terms are still widely used at the local level.
History
It is not easy to trace back the history of pencak silat because written documentation is limited and oral information is handed down from the gurus or masters. Each region in the archipelago has its own version of its origin which is largely based on oral tradition. Silat takes important role in country's history. Since the age of Ancient Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms like Srivijaya, Majapahit, Kingdom of Sunda . They used silat to train their soldiers and warriors.
According to tradition of Minangkabau, their Silek (Minangkabau pencak silat) can be traced to the fore father of ancient Minangkabau people, Datuk Suri Dirajo. It is said that according to old Javanese poetry, Kidung Sunda, the sentinels of the Prabu Maharaja Sunda exhibited great skill in the art of pencak silat when they escorted Princess Dyah Pitaloka to Majapahit as a potential bride for King Hayam Wuruk, and faced indignities that greatly affronted their honour. In a battle that ensued at the Bubat field (1346), the Sundanese forces fought to the last drop of blood, using special pencak moves and various weapons.
Also in ancient times, the Buginese and Makasar people from South Sulawesi region were known as tough sailors, adventurers, mercenaries and fearless warriors . Throughout the archipelago, these people were known for their combat skills. Nowadays, some well known silat schools in Malaysia can trace their lineage back to ancient buginese warriors.The Dutch arrived in the seventeenth century and controlled the spice trade up until the early 20th century, with brief periods of the English and Portuguese attempting unsuccessfully to gain a lasting foothold in Indonesia. During this period of Dutch rule. Pentjak Silat or Pencak Silat (as it is known in Indonesia today) was practiced underground until the country gained its independence in 1945.
The growing spirit of nationalism within pencak silat circles echoed the intensification of efforts to realise 'One Country, one Nation, one Language' in the archipelago. Following several incidents of mass uprising in the 1920s and the declaration of the Youth Pledge on October 10, 1928 in Batavia, the colonial government tightened and expanded its control over youth activities, pencak silat included. The colonial intelligence apparatus (PID) kept a close eye on all activities and organisations considered to be potentially in opposition to Dutch control. Training in pencak silat provided youths the strength, confidence and courage needed to resist the Dutch colonialists. Therefore pencak silat self-defence activities were closely scrutinised as they were suspected to be the front for political activities, and had to go underground. Training was done in private houses, in small groups of no more than five persons. At the end of the training, the pesilat had to leave one by one without attracting the neighbours' attention. At times, training would be carried out in secret locations in the middle of the night (from midnight to morning prayers) to avoid the scrutiny of the Dutch. Pencak silat teachers often made use of eerie locations such as graveyards, since even the police would be scared to go there, and they could be protected and safeguarded by the spirits of their ancestors.
Pencak silat matches too began to disappear from public eye following their prohibition by the colonial government in the 1930s. What is more, many pesilat, who were also political figures, met with bitter fates and had to live in prisons or isolated camps for several years. Pencak silat epics abound with stories of masters who 'were branded as extremists and forced to move around to avoid arrest', or who were punished for having opposed Dutch authority by using their pencak silat skills, both physical and spiritual. Although we cannot generalise and assume that all pencak silat teachers and schools opposed the colonial government, from the above it clearly appears that pencak silat played an important role in the struggle for independence.
Many pencak silat masters joined the Barisan Pelopor under the leadership of President Soekarno, to help realise the dream of an independent Indonesian nation. Among them were women freedom fighters like Ibu Enny Rukmini Sekarningrat, a Panglipur master from Garut . She fought against the Dutch alongside the Pangeran Papak Troops in Wanaraja, Garut, and the Mayor Rukmana Troops in Yogyakarta. As the capital city of the Republic of Indonesia at that time, Yogyakarta came under very heavy fire from Dutch troops. A great many pencak silat masters came from all over the archipelago to defend it from occupation. The same happened for Bandung, Surabaya, and other cities involved in the struggle.
Pencak silat was also instrumental to the revolutionary movement in Bali. After learning pencak silat as part of his Peta military training in West Java, national hero I Gusti Ngurah Rai gave lessons to his troops to boost the skills they needed to overthrow the foreign enemy. The soldiers in turn covertly trained the people of Banjar, even though the Dutch army forbade this. So today, pencak silat originating from West Java has taken root and developed on the island of Bali.
The heroism of pencak silat masters was not limited only to warfare. We must not forget their safeguarding the first President of the Indonesian Republic at a time of political uncertainty. It has been recorded in history that the night before the proclamation of independence on August 17, 1945, five special sentinels highly skilled in pencak silat[4] guarded Soekarno
Music
Every region in the archipelago has its own music for Silat performances. In West Java, for example, Sundanese people use gendang penca [2]. In West Sumatra, Minangkabau people sometimes use a special instrument called Saluang.
Styles and Techniques
There is no overall standard for Pencak Silat. Each style has its own particular movement patterns, specially designed techniques and tactical rationale. The richness of terms reflects a wide diversity in styles and techniques across the regions due to the fact that pencak silat has been developed by different masters who have created their own style according to their preferences and to the physical environment and social-cultural context in which they live. Lets take as example West Java, Central Java and West Sumatra. West Java is inhabited by a specific ethnic group with specific cultural and social norms. For them, pencak silat is part of their way of life or as they say is "the blood in their body". In their language they say "penca" or "menpo" (from "maen poho', which literally means play with trickery) to indicate their main four styles Cimande, Cikalong, Timbangan, and Cikaret and all the schools and techniques which have derived from them. The Sundanese people have always utilized penca/mempo' for self-defense and recreation, and only recently have started to use it as a sport in national and regional competitions. In its self-defense form, using hands fighting techniques combined with a series of characteristic footsteps such as langka sigzag (zigzag step), langka tilu (triangular step), langka opat (quadrangular step) and langka lam alip, penca can be very dangerous. Therefore it is kept secret and, especially its magic (tenaga dalam or inner power) component is only taught in phases to selected students.
Penca as art (penca ibing) has been a source of inspiration for traditional Sundanese dances such as Jaepongan, Ketu'tilu', Dombret, and Cikeruhan and actually it resembles dance in its use of music instruments. These instruments, called "pencak drummers" (gendang penca), are devoted exclusively to penca performances and consist of two sets of drummers (gendang anak dan kulantir), a trumpet (tetet) and a gong. Pencak performances also use standard music rhythms such as tepak dua, tepak tilu, tepak dungdung, golempang and paleredan. Penca as art is not considered dangerous and can be openly shown to everyone. From generation to generation until today, penca performances animate wedding parties, rituals of circumcision, celebrations of the rice harvest and all kind of national festivities.
Differently from West Java, in Central Java, Javanese people have traditionally used pencak only for self-defense and are not inclined to show it in public. Furthermore, the spiritual aspect (kebatinan) is much more dominant. This is probably related to the fact that pencak silat in Central Java developed from the Yogyakarta Sultanate and later expanded to surrounding neighborhoods after the kingdoms lost their political role in the XV and XVI centuries. In the keraton (Sultan's palace) pencak silat had undergone a transformation from pure martial art to be used in combat, to an elaborate form of spiritual and humanistic education. In this later form it spread outside the keraton walls where it developed the use of self-defense techniques to reach spiritual awareness as well as the use of inner powers to attain supernatural physical strengths.
Along with the human body, Pencak Silat employs several weapons. Among the hundreds of styles are dozens of weapons, including:
- Kris: A curvy blade made from folding different types of metal together and then is washed in acid, giving the blade its distinct look.
- Kujang: Sundanese blade
- Badik Buginese and Makasarese blade
- Pedang/Sundang: A sword, either single or double edged.
- Parang/Golok: A machete/broadsword, commonly used in daily tasks, especially those involving farming or harvesting.
- Lembing/Seligi: A spear/javelin made of either wood or bamboo.
- Kayu/Batang: Stick, staff or rod made of bamboo, steel or wood.
- Chabang/Cabang: Three-pronged knife thought to derive from the trisula (trident)
- Karambit: A small claw-like curved blade or dagger worn in the hair. Easily concealed and is known as a woman's weapon.
- Sabit/Clurit: A sickle, commonly used in farming, cultivation and harvesting of crops.
- Tongkat/Toya: A walking stick carried by the elderly or travellers.
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2.02.2009
deddynoer: The Baduy
The Baduy, who call themselves Kanekes, are a traditional community living in the western part of the Indonesian province of West Java. Their population of between 5,000 and 8,000 is centered in the Kendeng mountains at an elevation of 300-500 meters above sea level. Their homeland in West Java is contained in just 50 km² of hilly forest area 120 km from Jakarta, Indonesia's megalopolis of high-rises and fast cars. The Baduy are divided into two sub-groups; the Baduy Dalam (Inner Baduy), and the Baduy Luar (Outer Baduy). No foreigners were allowed to meet the Inner Baduy, though the Outer Baduy do foster some limited contacts with the outside world.
The Baduy speak a dialect derived from archaic Sundanese. However, modern Sundanese and Javanese influences in their archaic dialect can be heard in their speech.
Religion and Beliefs
The religion of the Baduy is known as Agama Sunda Wiwitan, a combination of traditional beliefs and Hinduism. However, due to lack of interaction with the outside world, their religion is more related to Kejawen Animism, though they still retain many elements of their original Hindu-Buddhist religion, like the terms they use to define things and objects, and the rituals in their religious activities. A certain amount of Islamic influence has also penetrated into the religion of a few of the Baduy Luar in recent years, with some original ideas thrown in for good measure. The ultimate authority is vested in Gusti Nu Maha Suci, who according to the Baduy sent Adam into the world to lead the life of a Baduy.
The Baduy also observe many mystical taboos. They are forbidden to kill, steal, lie, commit adultery, get drunk, eat food at night, take any form of conveyance, wear flowers or perfumes, accept gold or silver, touch money, or cut their hair. Other taboos relate to defending Baduy lands against invasion: they may not grow sawah (wet rice), use fertilizers, raise cash crops, use modern tools for working ladang soil, or keep large domestic animals. There is evidence that they were originally Hindu, and adopted this many centuries before foreign influence including Arab (Islam), European (Christianity) etc.
Social Classes
Generally speaking, the Baduy are divided into two groups: The Baduy Dalam and The Baduy Luar. The community of villages in which they live are considered mandalas, derived from the Hindu/Buddhist concept but referring in the Indonesian context to places where religion is the central aspect of life.
The population of about 400 Baduy Dalam consists of 40 families Kajeroanl who live in the three villages of Cibeo, Cikertawana, and Cikeusik in Tanah Larangan (forbidden territory) where no stranger is permitted to spend the night. They are probably the purest Baduy stock. The Dalam follow the rigid buyut taboo system very strictly,( see Religion and Beliefs for more information about their taboos ) and thus they have made very few contacts with the outside world as they are considered as "People of the sacred inner circle". The Dalam are the only one of these two major clans that have the Pu'un, the spiritual priest of the Baduy. The Pu'un are the only people that visit the most hallowed and sacred ground of the Baduy which lies on Gunung Kendeng, in a place called Arca Domas. Unlike the Luar, the Dalams are hardly influenced by Islam.
The Baduy Luar make up the remainder of the Baduy population, living in 22 villages and acting as a barrier to stop visitors from entering the Sacred Inner circle. They do follow the rigid taboo system but not as strictly as the Dalam, and they are more willing to accept modern influence into their daily lives. For example, some Luar people now proudly sport the colorful sarongs and shirts favored by their Sundanese neighbours. In the past the Baduy Luar only wore only their homespun blue-black cloth, and were forbidden to wear trousers. Other elements of civilization (toys, money, batteries) are rapidly infiltrating especially in the villages to the north, and it is no longer unusual for an outer Baduy to make a journey to Jakarta, or even to work outside as a hired hand during the rice planting and reaping seasons. Some even work in big towns and cities like Jakarta, Bogor and Bandung. Animal meat is eaten in some of the outer villages where dogs are trained for hunting, though animal husbandry is still forbidden.
History
Some people believe that the Baduy are the descendants of the aristocracy of the Sunda Kingdom of Pajajaran who lived near Batutulis in the hills around Bogor; their domestic architecture follows most closely the traditional Sundanese architecture. Pakuwan known also as Sunda Kelapa, the capital of Pajajaran, was destroyed by invading Falethan Muslims in 1579. However, the Baduy today are increasingly losing touch with their Hindu culture and increasingly getting closer to nature both in their own religion and their life, as they use no electricity, fertilizer or irrigation techniques in their farming. Another theory suggests that they originate in northern Banten; pockets of people in the northern hills still speak the archaic dialect of Sunda that the Baduy use.
Education
Even today, despite the ways that Suharto tried to force them to change their lives and build modern schools in their territory, the Baduy opposed the government. As a result, very few Baduy are able to read or write. Jesuit priest Wayne P. Penaflorida is a leading proponent for education of all Baduy.
deddynoer: The Sundanese
The Sundanese are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. They number approximately 31 million. The Sundanese are predominantly Muslim. The Sundanese have traditionally been concentrated in the provinces of West Java, Banten and Jakarta, and the western part of Central Java. The provinces of Central Java and East Java are home to the Javanese, Indonesia's first largest ethnic group. Sundanese culture has borrowed much from Javanese culture, however it differs by being more overtly Islamic, and has a much less rigid system of social hierarchy.
Origins and history
The Sundanese are of Austronesian origins who are thought to have originated in Taiwan, migrated though the Philippines, and reached Java between 1,500BCE and 1,000BCE.
According to the Sundanese legend of Sangkuriang, which tells the creation of Mount Tangkuban Parahu and ancient Lake Bandung, the Sundanese have been living in the Parahyangan region of Java for at least 50,000 years.
Inland Sunda is mountainous and hilly, and until the 19th century, was thickly forested and sparsely populated. They traditionally lived in small and isolated hamlets, making control by indigenous courts difficult. The Sundanese, in contrast with the Javanese, traditionally engaged in dry-field farming. These factors resulted in the Sundanese having a less rigid social hierarchy and a more independent manner. In the 19th century, Dutch colonial exploitation opened up much of the interior for coffee, tea, and quinine production, and the highlands society took on a frontier aspect, further strengthening the individualistic Sundanese mindset. Court cultures flourished in ancient times, for example, the Sunda Kingdom, however, the Sundanese appear not to have had the resources to construct large religious monuments similar to those in Central and East Java. 
Language
The Sundanese language is spoken by approximately 27 million people and is the second most widely-spoken regional language in Indonesia, after Javanese. This language is spoken in the southern part of the Banten province, and most of West Java and eastwards as far as the Pamali River in Brebes, Central Java.[citation needed. Sundanese is more closely to Malay and Minang than it is to Javanese, although Sundanese has borrowed the language levels denoting rank and respect.
There are several dialects of Sundanese, from the Sunda-Banten dialect to the Sunda-Central Javanese dialect which mixes elements of Javanese. Some of the most distinct dialects are from Banten, Bogor, Priangan, and Cirebon. In Central Java, Sundanese is spoken in some of the Cilacap region and some of the Brebes region.
The original religious system of the Sundanese was monotheism. The best indications are found in the oldest epic poems (wawacan) and among the remote Baduy tribe. This religion is called Sunda Wiwitan ("early Sundanese"). Today, most Sundanese are Muslims.
Culture and artforms
Sundanese culture has borrowed much from Javanese culture, however it differs by being more overtly Islamic, and has a much less rigid system of social hierarchy. The Sundanese, in their mentality and behavior, their greater egalitarianism and antipathy to yawning class distinctions, their community-based material culture, of feudal hierarchy, apparent among the people of the Javanese Principality.[clarification needed] Central Javanese court culture nurtured in atmosphere conducive to elite, stylized, impeccably-polished forms of art and literature. In a pure sense, Sundanese culture bore few traces of these traditions.
The art and culture of Sundanese people reflect historical influences by various cultures that include pre-historic native animism and shamanism traditions, ancient Hindu-Buddhist heritage, and Islamic culture.[citation needed] The Sundanese have very vivid, orally-transmitted memories of grand era of the Sunda Kingdom. Traditional artforms include pencak silat martial arts, angklung bamboo music, kecapi suling music, gamelan degung, jaipongan and other dances, and wayang golek puppetry. Many forms of kejawen dance, literature, gamelan music and shadow puppetry (wayang kulit) derive from the Javanese. Sundanese shadow puppetry is more influenced by Islamic folklore than the influence of Indian epics present in Javanese versions.
Sundanese literature was basically oral; their arts (architecture, music, dance, textiles, ceremonies, etc.) substantially preserved traditions from an earlier phase of civilization, stretching back even to the Neolithic, and never overwhelmed (as eastward, in Java) by aristocratic Hindu-Budhist ideas.
Sundanese culture and tradition are usually centred around the agricultural cycle. Festivities such as "Seren Taun" harvest ceremony is held in such high importance, especially in the traditional Sundanese community in Cipta Gelar village, Cisolok, Sukabumi, and the traditional Sundanese community in Kuningan and Kampung Naga. Since early times, Sundanese have predominantly been farmers. They tend to be reluctant to be government officer and legislators
deddynoer: Minangkabau
The Minangkabau ethnic group (also known as Minang or Padang) is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia. Their culture is matrilineal, with property and land passing down from mother to daughter, while religious and political affairs are the province of men (although some women also play important roles in these areas). Today 4 million Minangs live in West Sumatra, while about 3 million more are scattered throughout many Indonesian and Malay peninsula cities and towns.
The Minangkabau are strongly Islamic, but also follow their ethnic traditions, or adat. The Minangkabau adat was derived from animistic beliefs before the arrival of Islam, and remnants of animistic beliefs still exist even among some practicing Muslims. The present relationship between Islam and adat is described in the saying "tradition [adat] founded upon Islamic law, Islamic law founded upon the Qur'an" (adat basandi syara', syara' basandi Kitabullah). Their West Sumatran homelands were the location of the Padri War from 1821 to 1837.
Ethymology
The name Minangkabau is thought to be a conjunction of two words, minang ("victorious") and kabau ("buffalo"). There is a legend that the name is derived from a territorial dispute between the Minangkabau and a neighbouring prince. To avoid a battle, the local people proposed a fight to the death between two water buffalo to settle the dispute. The prince agreed and produced the largest, meanest, most aggressive buffalo. The Minangkabau produced a hungry baby buffalo with its small horns ground to be as sharp as knives. Seeing the adult buffalo across the field, the baby ran forward, hoping for milk. The big buffalo saw no threat in the baby buffalo and paid no attention to it, looking around for a worthy opponent. But when the baby thrust his head under the big bull's belly, looking for an udder, the sharpened horns punctured and killed the bull, and the Minangkabau won the contest and the dispute. The roofline of traditional houses in West Sumatra, called Rumah Gadang (Minangkabau, "big house"), curve upward from the middle and end in points, in imitation of the water buffalo's upward-curving horns.
History
People who spoke Austronesian languages first arrived in Sumatra around 500 BCE, as part of the Austronesian expansion from Taiwan to Southeast Asia. The Minangkabau language is a member of the Austronesian language family, and is closest to the Malay language, though when the two languages split from a common ancestor and the precise historical relationship between Malay and Minangkabau culture is not known. Until the 20th century the majority of the Sumatran population lived in the highlands. The highlands are well suited for human habitation, with plentiful fresh water, fertile soil, a cool climate, and valuable commodities such as gold and ivory. It is probable that wet rice cultivation evolved in the Minangkabau highlands long before it appeared in other parts of Sumatra, and predates significant foreign contact.
Adityawarman, a follower of Tantric Buddhism with ties to the Singhasari and Majapahit kingdoms of Java, is believed to have founded a kingdom in the Minangkabau highlands at Pagaruyung and ruled between 1347 and 1375, most likely to control the local gold trade. The establishment of a royal system seems to have involved conflict and violence, eventually leading to a division of villages into one of two systems of tradition, Bodi Caniago and Koto Piliang, the later having overt allegiances to royalty. By the 16th century, the time of the next report after the reign of Adityawarman, royal power had been split into three recognized reigning kings. They were the King of the World (Raja Alam), the King of Adat (Raja Adat), and the King of Religion (Raja Ibadat), and collectively they were known as the Kings of the Three Seats (Rajo Tigo Selo).[6] The Minangkabau kings were charismatic or magical figures who received a percentage of gold mining and trading profits, but did not have much authority over the conduct of village affairs. In the mid-16th century, the Aceh Sultanate invaded the Minangkabau coast, occupying port outlets in order to acquire gold. It was also around the 16th century that Islam started to be adopted by the Minangkabau. The first contact between the Minangkabau and western nations occurred with the 1529 voyage of Jean Parmentier to Sumatra. The Dutch East India Company first acquired gold at Pariaman in 1651, but later moved south to Padang to avoid interference from the Acehnese occupiers. In 1663 the Dutch agreed to protect and liberate local villages from the Acehnese in return for a trading monopoly, and as a result setup trading posts at Painan and Padang. Until early in the 19th century the Dutch remained content with their coastal trade of gold and produce, and made no attempt to visit the Minangkabau highlands. As a result of conflict in Europe, the British occupied Padang from 1781 to 1784 during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, and again from 1795 to 1819 during the Napoleonic Wars.
Late in the 18th century the gold supply which provided the economic base for Minangkabau royalty began to be exhausted. Around the same time other parts of the Minangkabau economy had a period of unparalleled expansion as new opportunities for the export of agricultural commodities arose, particularly with coffee which was in very high demand. A civil war started in 1803 with the Padri fundamentalist Islamic group in conflict with the traditional syncretic groups, elite families and Pagaruyung royals. A large part of the Minangkabau royal family were killed by the Padri in 1815. As a result of a treaty with a number of penghulu and representatives of the murdered Minangkabau royal family, Dutch forces made their first attack on a Padri village in April 1821. The first phase of the war ended in 1825 when the Dutch signed an agreement with the Padri leader Tuanku Imam Bonjol to halt hostilities, allowing them to redeploy their forces to fight the Java War. When fighting resumed in 1832, the reinforced Dutch troops were able to more effectively attack the Padri. The main center of resistance was captured in 1837, Tuanku Imam Bonjol was captured and exiled soon after, and by the end of the next year the war was effectively over.
With the Minangkabau territories now under the control of the Dutch, transportation systems were improved and economic exploitation was intensified. New forms of education were introduced, allowing some Minangkabau to take advantage of a modern education system. The 20th century marked a rise and cultural and political nationalism, culminating in the demand for Indonesian independence. Later rebellions against the Dutch occupation occurred such as the 1908 Anti-Tax Rebellion and the 1927 Communist Uprising. During World War II the Minangkabau territories were occupied by the Japanese, and when the Japanese surrendered in August 1945 Indonesia proclaimed independence. The Dutch attempts to regain control of the area were ultimately unsuccessful and in 1949 the Minangkabau territories became part of Indonesia as the province of Central Sumatra.
In February 1958, dissatisfaction with the centralist and communist-leaning policies of the Sukarno administration triggered a revolt which was centered in the Minangkabau region of Sumatra, with rebels proclaiming the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) in Bukittinggi. The Indonesian military invaded West Sumatra in April 1958 and had recaptured major towns within the next month. A period of guerrilla warfare ensued, but most rebels had surrendered by August 1961. In the years following, West Sumatra was like an occupied territory with Javanese officials occupying most senior civilian, military and police positions. The policies of centralization continued under the Suharto regime. The national government legislated to apply the Javanese desa village system throughout Indonesia, and in 1983 the traditional Minangkabau nagari village units were split into smaller jorong units, thereby destroying the traditional village social and cultural institutions. In the years following the downfall of the Suharo regime decentralization policies were implemented, giving more autonomy to provinces, thereby allowing West Sumatra to reinstitute the nagari system.
Historiography
The traditional historiography or tambo of the Minangkabau tells of the development of the Minangkabau World (alam Minangkabau) and its adat. These stories are derived from an oral history which was transmitted between generations before the Minangkabau had a written language. The first Minangkabau are said to have arrived by ship and landed on Mount Marapi when it was no bigger than the size of an egg, which protruded from a surrounding body of water. After the waters receded the Minangkabau proliferated and dispersed to the slopes and valleys surrounding the volcano, a region called the darek. The darek is comprised of three luhak - Limapuluh Koto, Tanah Datar and Agam. The tambo claims the ship was sailed by a descendant of Alexander the Great (Iskandar Zulkarnain).
A division in Minangkabau adat into two systems is said to be the result of conflict between two half-brothers Datuk Ketemanggungan and Datuk Perpatih nan Sabatang, who were the leaders who formulated the foundations of Minangkabau adat. The former accepted Adityawarman, a prince from Majapahit, as a king while the latter considered him a minister, and a civil war ensued. The Bodi Caniago system formulated by Datuk Perpatih nan Sabatang is based upon egalitarian principles with all panghulu (clan chiefs) being equal while the Koto Piliang system is more autocratic with there being a hierarchy of panghulu. Each village (nagari) in the darek was an autonomous "republic", and governed independently of the Minangkabau kings using one of the two adat systems. After the darek was settled, new outside settlements were created and ruled using the Koto Piliang system by rajas who were representatives of the king.
Culture
The Minangs are the world's largest matrilineal society, in which properties such as land and houses are inherited through female lineage. Some scholars argue that this might have caused the diaspora (Minangkabau, "merantau") of Minangkabau males throughout the Malay archipelago to become scholars or to seek fortune as merchants. As early as the age of 7, boys traditionally leave their homes and live in a surau (a prayer house & community centre) to learn religious and cultural (adat) teachings. When they are teenagers, they are encouraged to leave their hometown to learn from schools or from experiences out of their hometown so that when they are adults they can return home wise and 'useful' for the society and can contribute their thinking and experience to run the family or nagari (hometown) when they sit as the member of 'council of uncles'. This tradition has created Minang communities in many Indonesian cities and towns, which nevertheless are still tied closely to their homeland; a state in Malaysia named Negeri Sembilan is heavily influenced by Minang culture.
Due to their culture that stresses the importance of learning, Minang people are over-represented in the educated professions in Indonesia, with many ministers from Minang. The first female minister was a Minang scholar. In addition to being renowned as merchants, the Minangs have also produced some of Indonesia's most influential poets, writers, statesmen, scholars, and religious scholars. Being fervent Muslims, many of them embraced the idea of incorporating Islamic ideals into modern society. Furthermore, the presence of these intellectuals combined with the people's basically proud character, made the Minangkabau homeland (the province of West Sumatra) one of the powerhouses in the Indonesian struggle for independence. Today both natural and cultural tourism have become considerable economic activities in West Sumatra.
Minangkabau ceremonies and festivals include:
* Turun mandi - baby blessing ceremony
* Sunat rasul - circumcision ceremony
* Baralek - wedding ceremony
* Batagak pangulu - clan leader inauguration ceremony. Other clan leaders, all relatives in the same clan and all villagers in the region are invited. The ceremony will last for 7 days or more.
* Turun ka sawah - community work ceremony
* Manyabik - harvesting ceremony
* Hari Rayo - Islamic festivals
* Adoption ceremony
* Adat ceremony
* Funeral ceremony
* Wild boar hunt ceremony
* Maanta pabukoan - sending food to mother-in-law for Ramadhan
* Tabuik - Muslim celebration in the coastal village of Pariaman
* Tanah Ta Sirah, inaugurate a new clan leader (Datuk) when the old one died in the few hours (no need to proceed batagak pangulu, but the clan must invite all clan leader in the region).
* Mambangkik Batang Tarandam, inaugurate a new leader (Datuk) when the old one died in the pass 10 or 50 years and even more, must do the Batagak Pangulu.
Traditional Minangkabau music includes saluang jo dendang which consists of singing to the accompaniment of a saluang bamboo flute, and talempong gong-chime music. Dances include the tari piring (plate dance), tari payung (umbrella dance) and tari indang. Demonstrations of the silat martial art are performed. Pidato adat are ceremonial orations performed at formal occasions.
Randai is a folk theater tradition which incorporates music, singing, dance, drama and the silat martial art. Randai is usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals, and complex stories may span a number of nights. It is performed as a theatre-in-the-round to achieve an equality and unity between audience members and the performers. Randai performances are a synthesis of alternating martial arts dances, songs, and acted scenes. Stories are delivered by both the acting and the singing and are mostly based upon Minangkabau legends and folktales. Randai originated early in the 20th century out of fusion of local martial arts, story-telling and other performance traditions. Men originally played both the male and female characters in the story, but since the 1960s women have also participated.
Rumah gadang (Minangkabau: 'big house') are the traditional homes (Indonesian: rumah adat) of the Minangkabau. The architecture, construction, internal and external decoration, and the functions of the house reflect the culture and values of the Minangkabau. A rumah gadang serves as a residence, a hall for family meetings, and for ceremonial activities. With the Minangkabau society being matrilineal, the rumah gadang is owned by the women of the family who live there - ownership is passed from mother to daughter.
The houses have dramatic curved roof structure with multi-tiered, upswept gables. Shuttered windows are built into walls incised with profuse painted floral carvings. The term rumah gadang usually refers to the larger communal homes, however, smaller single residences share many of its architectural elements.
Minangkabau culture has a long history of oral traditions. One oral tradition is the pidato adat (ceremonial orations) which are performed by panghulu (clan chiefs) at formal occasions such as weddings, funerals, adoption ceremonies, and panghulu inaugurations. These ceremonial orations consist of many forms including pantun, aphorisms (papatah-patiti), proverbs (pameo), religious advice (petuah), parables (tamsia), two-line aphorisms (gurindam), and similes (ibarat).
Minangkabau traditional folktales (kaba) consist of narratives which present the social and personal consequences of either ignoring or observing the ethical teachings and the norms embedded in the adat. The storyteller (tukang kaba) recites the story in poetic or lyrical prose while accompanying himself on a rebab.
A theme in Minangkabau folktales is the central role mothers and motherhood has in Minangkabau society, with the folktales Rancak diLabueh and Malin Kundang being two examples. Rancak diLabueh is about a mother who acts as teacher and adviser to her two growing children. Initially her son is vain and headstrong and only after her perseverance does he become a good son who listens to his mother. Malin Kundang is about the dangers of treating your mother badly. A sailor from a poor family voyages to seek his fortune, becoming rich and marrying. After refusing to recognize his elderly mother on his return home, being ashamed of his humble origins, he is cursed and dies when his ship is flung against rocks by a storm.
Other popular folktales also relate to the important role of the woman in Minangkabau society. In the Cindua Mato epic the woman is the source of wisdom, while in whereas in the Sabai nan Aluih she is more a doer than a thinker. Cindua Mato (Staring Eye) is about the traditions of Minangkabau royalty. The story involves a mythical Minangkabau queen, Bundo Kanduang, who embodies the behaviors prescribed by adat. Cindua Mato, a servant of the queen, uses magic to defeat hostile outside forces and save the kingdom. Sabai nan Aluih (The genteel Sabai) is about a young girl named Sabai, the hero of the story, who avenges the murder of her father by a powerful and evil ruler from a neighboring village. After her father's murder her cowardly elder brother refuses to confront the murderer and so Sabai decides to take matters into her own hands. She seeks out the murderer and shoots him in revenge.
Language
The Minangkabau language (Baso Minangkabau) is an Austronesian language belonging to the Malayic linguistic subgroup, which in turns belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch. The Minangkabau language is closely related to the Negeri Sembilan Malay language used by the people of Negeri Sembilan, many of which are descendants of Minangkabau immigrants. The language has a number of dialects and sub-dialects, but native Minangkabau speakers generally have no difficulty understanding the variety of dialects. The differences between dialects are mainly at the phonological level, though some lexical differences also exist. Minangkabau dialects are regional, consisting of one or more villages (nagari), and usually correspond to differences in customs and traditions. Each sub-village (jorong) has its own sub-dialect consisting of subtle differences which can be detected by native speakers. The Padang dialect has become the lingua franca for people of different language regions.
The Minangkabau society has a diglossia situation, whereby they use their native language for everyday conversations, while the Indonesian language is used for most formal occasions, in education, and in writing, even to relatives and friends. The Minangkabau language was originally written using the Jawi script, an adapted Arabic alphabet. Romanization of the language dates from the 19th century, and a standardized official orthography of the language was published in 1976.
Adat And Religion
Animism has been an important component of Minangkabau culture. Even after the penetration of Islam into Minangkabau society in the 16th century, animistic beliefs were not extinguished. In this belief system, people were said to have two souls, a real soul and a soul which can disappear called the semangat. Semangat represents the vitality of life and it is said to be possessed by all animals and plants. An illness may be explained as the capture of the semangat by an evil spirit, and a shaman (pawang) may be consulted to conjure invisible forces and bring comfort to the family. Sacrificial offerings can be made to placate the spirits, and certain objects such as amulets are used as protection.
Until the rise of the Padri movement late in the 18th century, Islamic practices such as prayers, fasting and attendance at mosques had been weakly observed in the Minangkabau highlands. The Padri were inspired by the Wahhabi movement in Mecca, and sought to eliminate societal problems such tobacco and opium smoking, gambling and general anarchy by ensuring the tenets of the Koran were strictly observed. All Minangkabau customs allegedly in conflict with the Koran were to be abolished. Although the Padri were eventually defeated by the Dutch, during this period the relationship between adat and religion was reformulated. Previously adat was said to be based upon appropriateness and propriety, but this was changed so adat was more strongly based upon Islamic precepts. With the Minangkabau highlands being the heartland of their culture, and with Islam likely entering the region from coast it is said that ‘custom descended, religion ascended’ (adat manurun, syarak mandaki).
Minangkabau people and Achievement
The Minangkabau people activities and achievement is very diverse, many are politician, writers, ulama, journalist, scientist, film producer, and businessmen. They are represented success community out of proportion with their small numbers in Indonesia. Based on Tempo magazine (new year of 2000th special edition), six of top ten of Indonesian people who had influence in 20th century consists of Minangkabau people.
Though Minangkabau people had settled outside West Sumatra since 14th century. They spread out to Java, Sulawesi, Malay peninsula, Thailand, Brunei, and the Philippines. Raja Bagindo migration to south Philippines and founded the Sultanate of Sulu in 1390. The Minangkabaus were moved to the state of Negeri Sembilan in the 14th century and began to control local politics. In 1773 Raja Melewar was appointed the first head of state of Negeri Sembilan. Late of 16th century, Dato Ri Bandang and Dato Ri Tiro, taught Islam in Sulawesi, Borneo, and Nusa Tenggara. They was converted kings of Gowa and Tallo to be moslem.
Moslem reformist from Middle East (Mecca and Cairo) influence the education system in Minangkabau hinterland. Sumatera Thawalib, Adabiah and Diniyah Putri, borned of hundreds activist for modern Indonesia, such as Djamaluddin Tamin, A.R Sutan Mansyur, and Siradjuddin Abbas.
Many Minangkabau people had prominent positions in the Indonesian and Malay nationalism movement. In 1920-1960, the political leader in Indonesian dominated by Minangkabau people, such as Mohammad Hatta, a former Indonesian government prime minister and vice president, Muhammad Yamin, a former Indonesian government minister, Tan Malaka, international communist leader and founder of PARI and Murba, Sutan Sjahrir, a former Indonesian government prime minister and founder of Socialist Party of Indonesia, Muhammad Natsir, a former Indonesian government prime minister and founder of Masyumi, Assat, a former Indonesian president. While liberal democracy era, Minangkabau politician had dominated of parliament and Indonesian cabinet. They were affiliated to all of faction, islamist, nationalist, socialist and communist.
Minangkabau writers and journalist made significant contributions to modern Indonesian literature. They are Marah Roesli, Abdul Muis, Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, Idrus, Hamka, as authors, Muhammad Yamin, Chairil Anwar, Taufik Ismail as poets, and Djamaluddin Adinegoro, Rosihan Anwar as journalist. Most of the prominent Indonesian novels wrote by Minangkabau writer and its influenced development of modern Indonesian language.
Nowadays, beside Chinese Indonesian, Minangkabau people have significant contributions in economic activities. Most of Minangkabau businessmen success in hospitality, media, healthcare, and textile trader. Minangkabau businessmen also prominent in traditional restaurant chain that settled in many cities of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. In medieval century, Minangkabau traders made large contributions in Malays kingdom, connected among Aceh, Kedah, Siak, Johor, and Malacca. People of Minangkabau descent who made significant contributions outside of Indonesia include Yusof bin Ishak, who was the first President of Singapore, Zubir Said, who composed the national anthem of Singapore Majulah Singapura, Tan Sri Abdul Samad Idris, a former Malaysian minister of sports and culture in the 1970s who was active in the Malaysian independence movement and also a historian who researched about Minang culture, and Lieutenant Adnan Bin Saidi who became a hero in World War II.
12.03.2008
deddynoer: JAKARTA
Jakarta is the capital city of the Republic of Indonesia, a country composed of more than 13,000 islands with a population of over 180 million. Comprising more than 300 ethnic groups speaking 200 different languages, the Indonesia population exhibits marked diversity in its linguistic, culture, and religious traditions. As the Capital City, Jakarta is a melting pot of representatives from each of these ethnic groups.
Jakarta is the center of the nation's industrial, political and cultural life. It is home to many of the country's finest research institutes, educational facilities, and cultural organizations. Jakarta is uniquely the seat of both the national as well as the regional goverment. Strategically positioned in the archipelago, the city is also the principal gateway to the rest of Indonesia. From the Capital City, sophisticated land, air, and sea transport is available to the rest of the country and beyond.
Over the last several decades, Jakarta has proudly developed into one of Asia's most prominent metropolitan centers. With a current population of nearly nine million, Jakarta has undergone dramatic growth. Today, Jakarta's skyline is covered by modern highrises. The many state-of-the-art shopping centers, recreation complexes and toll-roads have become hallmarks of the city. The quality of life and the general welfare of its inhabitants have improved considerably with the city's fast pace of development. Jakarta's cultural richness and dynamic growth contribute significantly to its growing importance as one of the world's leading capital cities.
Jakarta is one of Indonesia's designated tourist areas. It is a gateway to other tourist destinations in Indonesia and is equipped with all the means of modern transportation by air, sea, rail, or by land. It has the largest and most modern airport in the country, the most important harbour in Indonesia and is well-connected by rail of good roads to other destinations in Java, Sumatra, and Bali.
Jakarta, once considered as primarily a stop-over to more worthwhile destinations in the country, has become a major destinations in its own right.
Visitors come for Jakarta'' complete facilities and attractions that are in many ways unique and not available elsewhere. In the field of tourism Jakarta offers four and five star hotels on par with similar establishments elsewhere in the world, convention facilities, amusement parks, shopping centers, historical buildings, museums, tours, and many other tourist attractions.
Foreign banking has remained centred in Jakarta, but investments have spread out over the provinces in the past decade. Though it is still the major stop for bussiness people looking for chances and possibilities in Indonesia.
| Jakarta, the capital of the nation, has a fascinating history. Lots of different aspects have colored the city history and the life of people today. Since the fifth century, ships from China and Champa (Vietnam), and from all islands in the archipelago docked at the mouth of the Ciliwung river. Indian and Portuguese traders also visited this small town. Javanese sailors, carrying spices from Molucca, also docked there. Nearly all people from the East and West left their trails to blend special flavor of Jakarta. |  |
 | Concised description of old historical buildings and monuments refers to the site where the city of Jakarta itself begins. All historical evidence points to the area of the Kota, the old city on the banks of Ciliwung river. A bit south of the place currently known as Pasar Ikan or Fish Market was planted the first tiny seed that developed into a huge city of more than 10 million inhabitants. When did Jakarta start its journey throughout history? Nobody knows exactly! | ||||
If we stand on top of Menara Syahbandar (the Lookout Tower) across the bridge over the Kali Besar, we enjoy a view of oldest area of Jakarta. To the north we can see the present old harbor with its colorful prahu (saliboats) and the Java Sea. Some 300 meters to the south, you can find a renovated old drawbridge. In the time of the Dutch East-India Company colonialism, the bridge was called Hoender pasarbrug or Chicken Market Bridge. At that time, between 17th and early 18 centuries, ships could sail further up to the river Ciliwung. Towards the south of this drawbridge, the once busy harbor town of Sunda Kelapa stretched along both sides of the river between the 12th century and 15th century.
| Sunda Kalapa was the main port of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda . The capital of the Pakuan Pajajaran kingdom was located two day journey upriver, now known as Bogor. This port was often visited by ships from Palembang, Tanjungpura, Malacca, Maccasar and Madura, and even by merchants from India and South China. Sunda Kelapa exported, among other items, pepper, rice and gold. In 1513 the first European fleet, four Portuguese ships under the command of Alvin, arrived in Sunda Kelapa from Mallaca. Mallaca had been conquered two years earlier by Alfonso d' Albuquerque. They were looking for spices, especially pepper, to this busy and well-organized harbor. Some years later, the Portuguese Enrique Leme visited Kalapa with presents for the King of Sunda. He was well received and on August 21, 1522 and signed a treaty of friendship between the kingdom of Sunda and Portugal. The Portuguese received the right to build a godown (warehouse) and to erect a fort in Kalapa. This was regarded by the Sundanese as a consolidation of their position against the encroaching Muslim troops from the rising power of the Sultanate of Demak in Central Java. |   |
To commemorate this treaty, they put big stone, called a Padrao, which vanished for some years. This stone was uncovered later in 1918 during an excavation for a new house in Kota area on the corner of Cengkeh street and Nelayan Timur Street. This Padrao can now be seen in the National Museum on Medan Merdeka Barat street. The original location of the stone suggests that the coastline in the early 16th century formed a nearly straight line which is marked by the present of Nelayan street, some 400 meters south to the The Lookout Tower.
The King of Sunda had his own reasons for great danger from the expansive Muslim Kingdom of Demak, whose troops threatened his second harbor town, Banten (west of Jakarta). Sunda felt squeezed and was in need of strong friends. Thus, the king hoped the Portuguese would return quickly and help him protect his important harbor. But they came too late. For in 1527 the Muslim leader Fatahillah appeared before Kalapa with 1,452 soldiers from Cirebon and Demak.
According to some historians, this victory of 1527 provided the reason for Fatahillah to rename Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta, which means "Great Deed" or "Complete Victory." On the basis of this victory, Jakarta celebrates its birthday on June 22, 1527, the day Fatahillah gave the town a name of victory of over Sundanese Hindus and Portuguese sailor.
Prince Jayawikarta, a follower of the Sultan of Banten, resided on the west banks of the Ciliwung river, which in the early 17th century reached the roughly at our starting place, the Lookout at Pasar Ikan. He erected a military post there in order to control the mouth of the river and the Dutch who had been granted permission in 1610 to build a wooden godown and some houses just opposite there on the east bank. Dutch ships had already come to Jayakarta in 1596. The Prince tried to keep a close eye on these unruly guests.
To keep its strength equal to that of the Dutch, Prince Jayawikarta allowed the British to erect houses on the West Bank of Ciliwung river, across the Dutch godown, in 1615. The Prince granted permission to the British to erect a fort closed to his Customs Office post. Jayawikarta was in support of the British because his palace was under the threat of the Dutch cannons. In December 1618, the tense realtionship between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch escalated. Jayawikarta soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress that covered two strong godown, namely Nassau and Mauritus. The British fleet made up of 15 ships arrived. The fleet was under the leadership of Sir Thomas Dale, former governor of the Colony of Virginia, now known as Virginia State in the United States.
The British admiral was already old and was indecisive. After the sea battle, the newly appointed Dutch governor Jan Pieter Soon Coon (1618) escaped to Molucca to seek support. Meanwhile, the commander of the Dutch army was arressted when the negotiation was underway because Jayawikarta felt that he was deceived by the Dutch. Then, the Prince Jayawikarta and the British entered into a friendship agreement.
The Dutch army was about to surrender to the British when in 1619, a sultan from Banten sent soldiers and summoned Prince Jayawikarta for establishing closed realtionship with the British without first asking an approval from Banten authorities. The conflict between Banten and Prince Jayawikarta as well as the tensed relationship between Banten and the British had weakened the Dutch enemy. Prince Jayawikarta was moved to Tanara and died in Banten.
The Dutch felt relieved and tried to establish a closer relationship with the Banten. The Dutch fortress garrison, along with hired soldiers from Japan, Germany, Scotia, Denmark, and Belgium held a party in commemoration of the change in situation. They name their fortress after Batavia to recollect the ethnic group Batavier, the Dutch ancestor. Since then Jayakarta was called Batavia for more than 300 years.
Under the relationship of J.P Coen, Dutch army attacked and destroyed the city and Jayakarta Palace on May 30, 1619. There were no remains of Jakarta except for the Padrao stone now stored at the National Museum in Jakarta. The Jayakarta grave was possibly located in Pulau Gadung. If we stand on top of Menara Syahbandar and look around, we can enjoy the beautiful panorama in the oldest area of Batavia. Certainly, we can't enjoy the remains of the city Sunda Kelapa or Jayakarta. Kasteel or the Dutch fortress, too, has been destroyed. Here we can see several remains from the mid-17th century. Nearly all of the remains are related to trade and sailing.
Menara Syahbandar was built 1839 to replace the old flag pole in ship dock located right on the side across a river. From the pole and later the tower, officials observed ships about to anchor gave signals. The tower then is used a meteorology post. To the West of the Lookout Tower, we can see the view of the present Museum Bahari. The museum represents a very old and strong edifice with Dutch architecture. The museum also provides several maps of the city, with stages of the city development shown. The museum is part of something in Dutch called Westzijdsche Pakhuizen (Warehouse on the Westbank). Here nutmegs, pepper. coffee, tea, and cloth in a large scale were used to be stored.
The areas around Menara Syahbandar was once the center of Kota Batavia. It was the center of a trading network with wide spread agents reaching Deshima (Nagasaki) in Japan, Surate in Persia and Capetown in South Africa. Inter-trade among Asia was more profitable than inter-trade between Asia and Europe. And the Pasar Ikan (Market Fish) once was the pulse. Here, the site where the origin of the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta, came from.As is the case with other ethnic groups, the Betawi group is well integrated in the life of the city. In certain areas their cultural expressions in tradition and art forms are more distinct. In fact since the early 1970's the Betawi cultural art forms have been given much attention by the Government and with the rise of the tourism industry these art forms are experiencing a new impetus to flourish.
As the nation's capital, Jakarta is able to show all the various art forms of all the regions and ethnic groups in the archipelago. And to realize this idea in line with the motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika ( Unity in Diversity ), the regional government feels obliged to develop all traditional art forms as equitably as possible with the local Betawi art forms as host hesding the rest.
To see for themselves what and now those Betawi art forms are, you can go to any travel agent and ask for tour to a " Betawi Cultural Institution " to catch a glipse of the " real thing ". Or you can visit the Jakarta pavillion at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah ( Beautiful Indonesia in Miniature Park ) which has long been showing Betawi ceremonies such as the Betawi wedding ceremony, the circumcision procession, the baby head - shaving ceremony etc. As mentioned before, the Betawi group emerged in the 19th century from the melting pot of races, ethnic groups and cultures. Today the Betawi culture has a distinct personality of its own, but one can discern the various influences of other cultures by looking or listening to its art form.
| The Tanjidor orchestra is certainly inharited from Dutch land - owners and the Gambang Kromong and Cokek dance originated in the residence of wealthy Chinese traders and merchants. The Betawi Cokek dance shows Balinese influence in the movement of the dancers and the style of playing the gamelan. This style of playing the gamelan can also be observed in the gamelan orchestra accompanying the Wayang Kulit Betawi show. The Portuguese speaking community has also left its inheritance, the Kroncong Tugu with its popular songs Nina Bobo, Kaparinyo and Kroncong moritsko is said to be the origin of the popular Kroncong orchestra of to-day. The javanese presence since the 17th century has left its mark too on the Betawi music, dance and theatre, Wayang Kulit Betawi and Lenong are examples of this influence. |
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The official language is Bahasa Indonesia and English is the most spoken and understood foreign language. In covention hotels they have translators for English, Frence, Dutch, German, Japanese, Mandarin, and even Spanish.
The native betawi people speak Betawi Malay which is different from standard Malay. There are variations in the language according to region, the Betawi Malay of the centre and that of the periphery. There are also socio - cultural variations. The older people born and bred in Jakarta speak the traditional Betawi Malay, while the younger people and migrants speak the modern version of the language.
In the language, various influences from other cultures are appearent, Balinese, Sundanese, and Javanese influences are there and words derived from Arabic, Dutch, chinese and Portuguese are easily recognizable.
Betawi Malay is spoken not only in Jakarta, but also in parts of Bekasi, Tangerang and Bogor which belong to the province of West Java.
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